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Thermally gated TRP channels in nociceptive neurones
Chvojka, Štěpán ; Vlachová, Viktorie (advisor) ; Mrózková, Petra (referee)
Transduction ion channels are gated in response to a variety of external stimuli and this process is critical for the proper functioning of sensory neurons. These specialized proteins enable the survival of any organism, which depends on having adequate information about the external environment. The thermosensitive TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channels, whose molecular structure has been identified during last decades, enable the transduction of thermal stimuli in primary nociceptive neurons. During the last decade, molecular biological techniques have provided new tools for studying the structure of these specialized transduction ion channels in relation to their function and to understand more deeply their physiological roles. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to give an overview of recent evidence regarding the functional and physiological properties of sensory-neuron specific mammalian TRP ion channels that are activated by thermal stimuli: heat and cold.
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The role of synaptic modulation in pain states.
Adámek, Pavel ; Paleček, Jiří (advisor) ; Moravec, Jan (referee)
Everybody has experienced pain. Pain by definition is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. In the peripheral tissues acute painful stimuli activate specialized endings of afferent neurons called nociceptors. The information about tissue damage is then transmitted to the cell bodies of these dorsal root ganglion neurons by unmyelinated or thinly myelinated axons (C and A fibers, respectively). The central branches of these neurons form synapses with superficial dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord. The information is conveyed at the synaptic connections by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and many others neuromodulators. Important is the subsequent activation of projection neurons that transmit the information to supraspinal brain areas. Activity of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons, glial cells and descending pathways from the CNS are also important for the modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level. After peripheral tissue damage and in other pathological states, increased sensitivity to peripheral stimuli may develop. As results of this change innocuous stimuli are perceived as painful (alodynia) and increased pain is perceived after noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia). The underlying mechanisms of these changes may be...
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Mechanisms of neurophatic pain states development
Přibáňová, Tereza ; Mrózková, Petra (advisor) ; Kuchtiak, Viktor (referee)
Pain is a natural warning signal that protects organisms from actual or potential damage. Upon the stimulation (burns, cuts, inflammation) of nerve endings - nociceptors, nerve signals are conducted via the peripheral nerve fibres into the spinal cord and brain, where they are then processed as painful, and a reaction occurs. Neuropathic pain, on the other hand, is pain caused by an injury or disease of the somatosensory system itself. Neuropathic pain has a substantial impact on the patient's quality of life and is likely to become more prevalent as the population grows older and the rates of diabetes and chemotherapy treatments rise. However, the treatment of neuropathic pain is often insufficient and comes with a number of undesirable side effects, which constitute a significant clinical problem. Research leading to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain is necessary in order to enhance the treatment of these states and to make it more effective. There is a myriad of factors responsible for the development of neuropathic pain, namely mechanisms which maintain the balance between inhibitory and excitatory somatosensory signalling, changes in the amount or composition of receptors and channels at the surface of the neuron, and most...
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Thermally gated TRP channels in nociceptive neurones
Chvojka, Štěpán ; Vlachová, Viktorie (advisor) ; Mrózková, Petra (referee)
Transduction ion channels are gated in response to a variety of external stimuli and this process is critical for the proper functioning of sensory neurons. These specialized proteins enable the survival of any organism, which depends on having adequate information about the external environment. The thermosensitive TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channels, whose molecular structure has been identified during last decades, enable the transduction of thermal stimuli in primary nociceptive neurons. During the last decade, molecular biological techniques have provided new tools for studying the structure of these specialized transduction ion channels in relation to their function and to understand more deeply their physiological roles. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to give an overview of recent evidence regarding the functional and physiological properties of sensory-neuron specific mammalian TRP ion channels that are activated by thermal stimuli: heat and cold.
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Methods for measuring pain in animals
Štěrbová, Petra ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Nerandžič, Vladimír (referee)
Pain in animals was almost completely overlooked in the last years. It was assumed that animals do not suffer because they are not able to tell it anyway. In a recent time we know that it's not truth and the animals can physically feel pain as we do. This thesis is summarization of the basic knowledge about the pain measurement of animals. However, there are two different approaches to the measurement of pain. The first one is based on the threshold of pain, the another one observes changes in behavior. There have been number of animal models developed in order to pain detection. Exploration of the pain in animals can help us to clarify mechanisms and treatments for serious and chronic neuropathic pain. From an ethical point of view, it's almost impossible to expose a person to serious neuropathic injury for experimental purposes. Therefore, in these cases, the animals are commonly used. And besides this fact, nowadays animals represent a full member of the family for many people, so it is something like moral obligation for us to relieve a pain in animals.
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The role of synaptic modulation in pain states.
Adámek, Pavel ; Paleček, Jiří (advisor) ; Moravec, Jan (referee)
Everybody has experienced pain. Pain by definition is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. In the peripheral tissues acute painful stimuli activate specialized endings of afferent neurons called nociceptors. The information about tissue damage is then transmitted to the cell bodies of these dorsal root ganglion neurons by unmyelinated or thinly myelinated axons (C and A fibers, respectively). The central branches of these neurons form synapses with superficial dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord. The information is conveyed at the synaptic connections by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and many others neuromodulators. Important is the subsequent activation of projection neurons that transmit the information to supraspinal brain areas. Activity of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons, glial cells and descending pathways from the CNS are also important for the modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level. After peripheral tissue damage and in other pathological states, increased sensitivity to peripheral stimuli may develop. As results of this change innocuous stimuli are perceived as painful (alodynia) and increased pain is perceived after noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia). The underlying mechanisms of these changes may be...
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